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Sometimes you feel like a nutgraf

Sometimes you feel like a nut, sometimes you don’t, but a nut graf is a good idea even if you aren’t hungry.

The nut graf offers readers a quick explanation of the article and helps explain the lede. Sometimes it might be background information on an ongoing topic. It’s where you say in as few words as possible, why this article is important. If your reader only reads the lede and nut graf of your article, they at least know the basics.

Of course, you want them to read more than just the lede and the nut graf, but you want to get as much information to them as possible while still writing well and making it interesting. That’s a tall order for anyone and, of course, I forgot to mention you will be working on a very tight deadline in order to get all of this accomplished.

So what is a nut graf? Well, graf is short for paragraph. So the nut graf, is the meat (or nut) paragraph in your article. It’s the paragraph that gives you the rundown quickly about the article. Why isn’t it called the meat graf? Who knows! By the way, some may spell it “nut graph.”

When you write the lede, you make a promise to your readers. With the nut graf you fulfill that promise. Did the lede say someone died? The nut graf will answer how he died and then you’ll give the details.

Here’s an example of an opening lede and nut graf:

FRANKENMUTH — On Saturday, Dianne Szostak clutched a shopping bag, pleased to have found a sculpture of a fairy for her herb garden. On Sunday, she clutched a .38-caliber revolver.
Welcome to Michigan Shop and Shoot, which was held over the weekend in this Bavarian-themed tourist town about 80 miles north of Detroit.

Do you see how the nut graf immediately answers the reader’s questions raised by the lede? By saving the “nuts and bolts” for the second paragraph, you are able to write an article that is more interesting to the reader.

Now there can be more than one “nut graf” that gives basic facts. For instance, the third paragraph of the article I use as an example, explains more about the event such as who sponsors it and how many attended.

Whenever you write an article, there is going to be information you have to convey that is straight facts. You want to be very careful with how you present the information. You don’t want to over do the cutesy ledes or use them inappropriately. (Don’t use cutesy ledes in articles where people die and/or seriously injured.)

You’ll often see the lede and nut graf combination in stories about crimes and arrests. The lede will mention the crime while the nut graf will name the suspect.

Here’s an example:

A Michigan man pulled over for drunk driving tried and tried again when he attempted to flee police not just once, but twice.
John Doe of Anywhere was arrested Sunday for drunk driving and two counts of fleeing and eluding police. Doe was arraigned in District Court Sunday and is currently lodged in Anywhere County jail.

Practice writing strong ledes and nut grafs. Read through your local newspapers and find examples of nut grafs that work and don’t work. Analyze the reasons. Did the nut graf fulfill the lede’s promise?

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Photo Tips

Many newspapers will have a photographer on staff to accompany a reporter to an event, but that’s not always an option. In a pinch, (and at smaller newspapers) a reporter will be expected to take photos along with reporting the news. I am a reporter, not a photographer, but over the years, here are some tips I found that will help a reporter take better photos.

1. AVOID GRIP AND GRIN SHOTS — We’ve all seen them – a group of stiff-backed people gripping a check (or trophy or award), with fake grins plastered on their face. The grip and grin is an old standby for the journalist-turned-photographer. But there are alternatives to this boring photo. One reporter had the small group of people shake hands and hug and snapped a shot as they did so. Another idea is to get a picture of what the money will be used for rather than the check. Instead of that ribbon-cutting photo, get a picture of real people scoping out the newly opened business.

2. PAY ATTENTION TO THE BACKGROUND — Too often we see perfectly fine pictures of people, except they have weird objects growing out of their head. The three-dimensional world can look quite differently in a two-dimension photo, so be aware of what else may be in your photo besides your primary subject. While you don’t always want to shoot everything in front of a blank wall, you do want to keep the background in mind as you shoot the photos.

3. PHOTOGRAPH PEOPLE — Every newspaper should have photos of real people in it. That means the guy raking his leaves on a fall day or a child playing in the water. Try to avoid repeated mug shots of your local police chief or other figurehead. Make a point of taking photos of people, not just things. Use photos with articles, as well as stand alones.

4. GET CLOSER — When taking a photo, you need to remember you are taking photos of people doing things. Make sure you fill the shot with the people and not the things. Don’t be afraid to look at things at a different angle. Step closer. If it’s a child, kneel down to their level. Think of the final picture and what image you are going for when you take it.

5. TAKE NATURAL SHOTS — Avoid posed shots. Even if they aren’t gripping anything, posed shots come off badly. A good tip is to take photos of “unsuspecting subjects” and ask for names and details and permission after you’ve taken the photo. If they say no, it’s a wasted shot. If they say yes, the photo will probably be better than one where they were conscious of the camera. Ask your photo subjects to act as if you aren’t there. Take your time and let them get used to you.

A Note about the Digital Revolution — Many newsrooms are “going digital.” It works well for newsrooms. I recommend you use a digital camera. You’ll need a high-end digital camera capable of taking at least 5.1 mega pixels or higher. The preferable digital camera is a digital SLR.

You should have several memory cards of 256 mb or higher; it’s always nice to have a back up. Set your camera, so it takes the largest quality photos. Also, unless you have one of the top-of-the-line digital cameras (translation — you spent several thousand dollars for the camera and lenses), it won’t work well for taking action shots like sports photos. Football fields and the weird lighting of basketball courts play havoc on all but the best digital cameras.

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To Show or Not to Show

You’ve done the interview and you’ve written the article. You’re sure you nailed it, but a little seed of doubt starts to grow. Is it accurate? Did you get that complicated matter about taxes right?

If you have any doubt, you need to check with your source before the article goes to print. That doesn’t mean, however, that your sources should be reading the article before publication. In fact, I suggest strongly that you DO NOT show sources an article before publication.

New reporters unfamiliar with interviewing and taking quotes may feel doubtful about their abilities. This often leads them to showing sources articles. If it is a complicated subject, check your facts and talk some more to your source.

As a reporter you should be very careful with other’s people words. You need to ensure they are accurate and complete. At the same time, you need to make sure your reader’s receive a fair and accurate story. People aren’t always going to want to have something publicized. That doesn’t mean it shouldn’t be publicized. New to interviews

Most people have never been interviewed before. As you sit down to talk to them, they will say things they didn’t realize they said. They will make comments they didn’t mean. Part of it is nervousness and part of it is human nature.

When you write the article, you need to write it with this in mind. Would you like your husband quoted in the daily paper saying, “My wife never wears pajamas.” It may be true, but does it have a bearing on the story? Will it just cause undue embarrassment?

Being in the newspaper is a big deal to a lot of people. Articles are clipped and lovingly placed in scrapbooks. Some are even framed and hung on walls of new businesses or in family rooms. You have to ask, does the quote have a bearing on the article? If the man was being quoted for a most embarrassing moment type of story, the answer may be yes. If it is just a feature article about a man and wife, the answer may be no.

Maintain their dignity

As you write the story and use quotes, you don’t want to make your source appear comical. Especially if you are dealing with this source over and over again, you need to make sure you treat their words with caution. You need them and they need you.

Part of my job as a reporter is to contact law enforcement personnel on a regular basis to get information. As I spoke to one officer, he made reference to the weather saying, “It’s ugly out there.” A nasty winter storm had caused a number of accidents and he had a few colorful descriptions of the weather.

He knew he was talking to me for an article and that I would quote him.

As the interview wound to a close, he asked that I not quote him saying anything stupid, like the weather is ugly. “You take care of me and I’ll take care of you,” he said.

I understood what he meant. We could joke on the phone, reporter and officer, but I needed to understand some comments weren’t for print. So how do I tell?

He is a police officer in the community and as such, is expected to put his life on the line. He doesn’t want the public to perceive him as a jokester. He had given me good quotes about the weather conditions and the accidents caused that were said professionally. He had also joked with me as we chatted.

The quote, “It’s ugly out there,” sounded good, but wasn’t as useful or informative as “The high number of accidents along the freeway prompted us to close it for several hours. There were so many accidents happening that we were short-handed.”

The first quote could have been made by anyone. The second quote, however, carries the authority of a police officer.

Make sure you make your sources look good and they will trust you. By trusting you they will give you all sorts of good information that will allow you to write even more stories. A reporter can be hated or disliked, but should always be trusted.

Why you shouldn’t show sources

Typically, a news article should have sources from all sides of an issue. By showing a source the finished article, you are inviting them to get a glimpse of the opposite side’s comments. This tends to make the source want to “tweak” their comments.

They tend to think that by granting them a sneak preview, you are also granting them editorial duties. They suggest word changes, sentence structure and even entire rewrites.

People tend to not like what they said because they believe they “sound stupid.” Or they don’t remember exactly what they said, so they try to change or elaborate on their comments. Often they may want to change a good, simple quote to some multi-word thing that has no purpose at all except protecting their rear.

What can you do?

You can offer to read back a source’s quotes to ensure accuracy. This should only be done after the source has made the request, and should only include the quotes from the source and not the entire article.

Volunteer to be a source for an article. The best way to learn about handling other’s is to have your words mangled. (I’m serious. It will give you a real appreciation of what your sources go through when they place their words in your trust.)

Read (or watch) other reporter’s accounts of events you have covered. You will know about it, and you may be surprised at the inaccuracies or perceptions of others.

Continue to learn how to improve. Just last week, I covered a meeting where people spoke out against a government body. One woman who spoke, however, didn’t speak out on the issue but had another concern. She made it very clear she didn’t agree with the rest of the protesters. That night on television, the local TV news showed her standing up speaking, but the vocal was a voice over of the reporter saying, “many people spoke to the commissioners objecting….”

This woman didn’t object. She shouldn’t have been shown speaking, especially when the reporter made those comments. It was bad editing of the tape, but it can happen in written articles as well. Make sure you don’t make it seem like someone said something they didn’t. It only makes everyone more distrustful of reporters.

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The Idea

A successful freelance career starts with the ability to match unique ideas to specific markets. A great place to start is by studying the market you want to sell to. If you want to be in a magazine, read the magazine. The actual magazine is the best place to start and can often be more insightful than the writer’s guidelines.

Parenting magazines, for example, often revisit the same issues on a regular basis. You know they are going to address the Terrible Twos, diaper rash and being a new parent. What you need to figure out is how you can pitch these ideas that have been done (many times!) with a fresh spin That’s the challenge! It works the same way for any market.

The hardest thing about getting ideas is recognizing them for what they are as you go about your everyday life. Once you learn how to start recognizing ideas, you’ll never have a shortage. If you have a problem and solve it, that’s an article idea. If you have a problem and don’t solve it, that’s an article idea.

Writer’s are also advised to write what you know, and that’s a great place to start looking for ideas. What are your hobbies? What is your job? What is your home life like? These are the places to start when you go looking for ideas. Did you spend two days trying to figure out how to operate Excel? That could be the basis for an article such as “Excel experts reveal the 5 secrets you need to know.” Plus if you interview Excel experts, you learn something useful you wanted to know too.

If you are a parent, what are the biggest challenges you deal with on a daily basis? If it’s getting your kids to keep their room clean, you can develop that idea and find experts who claim to have the solutions. I recently turned a conversation with my daughter just before her seventh birthday into an article. “Battling the Birthday Buy Me” came to light after she gave me a wish list for her birthday presents that would have broke the bank. I pitched my idea to a parenting magazine in South Florida.

I had done my market research, so I knew the parenting magazine was fairly large. I also knew it published an issue centered around birthdays every February. I pitched my article in time to meet a February publication. The editor assigned the article, making it the cover article for her issue. She also assigned a sidebar to go with the main article. I interviewed experts and other moms to get additional information.

The editor wanted the sidebar to be about alternatives to presents, such as donating money in the child’s name or buying dog food for the local shelter. But when I talked to my experts, they thought that was a bad idea. I still wrote the sidebar my editor wanted, but I included the cautions from my experts.

Where did I find the experts and other moms? When looking for experts, look for recent nonfiction books published on your topic, professors at state universities, or visit sites like www.profnet.com. Every day moms are harder to find. You often have to get sources from all over the U.S., or in a certain region that may be thousands of miles away from you. (For instance, I lived in Michigan when I wrote the article for the Florida magazine.) The Internet makes this possible. In my case, I belong to a writer’s group that has members from allover the world, and I asked for volunteers willing to be interviewed.

Back to finding the idea — Start with what presents challenges to you and most likely you’ll find you stumbled onto something that presents a challenge for many. Last summer for a very short time it was so hot that I hated to cook in my kitchen. I live in northern Michigan where I need a furnace for about 10 months of the year and an air conditioner could only be put to use for about two weeks. I knew I wasn’t alone. So I interviewed a cook for great meals that cook up quickly AND didn’t require the use of the stove. I sold it to a local newspaper during a heatwave.

If you still find that you are short of ideas, sit down and write a letter to someone. What are you telling them about? It could be your next query idea.

Always be prepared to write down an idea, even if it arrives while you are in the shower (it has been known to happen). Keep a notebook handy. In your house, think about placing one in the kitchen, your office, your living room, where you read the newspaper and next to your bed. You’ll also want to keep one in your car. Be prepared to jot down your ideas when you first think of them. I keep a basket of 3×5 index cards on my desk. When I think of an idea, I jot it down. The next time I need an idea, I go through my index cards. Be sure, however, that you write down enough of the idea that you’ll remember what you meant the next time you read it.

If you become an expert in a certain topic, you can develop research folders. When you read a newspaper article, magazine article or interesting fact about your topic, plop it in your research folder for that topic. When you need an idea, pick up your research folder and go through it. You may find connections that develop into interesting story ideas.

The calendar is another great way to develop ideas. Magazines often work at least six months ahead of schedule, so in March, they’re thinking about September. What happens in September? Labor Day.; School starts, and there is Grandparents’ Day too. In Roscommon it’s the Fireman’s Memorial. There?s also patriot day and the first day of Autumn. There’s a host of possible topics right there.

If you expand your calendar to include historic dates and those “national” days, your idea treasure trove grows even larger. For instance, September is the anniversary of the first U.S. newspaper, the establishment of the U.S. Treasury, the discovery of planet Neptune, and more. It’s also when Banned Book Week happens, National Punctuation Day, SAT deadline and National PlayDoh Day. Those factoids, with some relevant research, can help you develop an article idea that sells.

It never hurts to take a fresh look at an old idea. For years I handled public relations for Merritt Speedway, a local dirt track for racecars. I wrote a weekly article about the race, but the primary audience was drivers, people who understood racing. I could easily have written an article about the racing experience from the vantage of someone attending the race for the first time. I never wrote that article, but I did start thinking about what I knew in a different way.

It wasn’t long before I was able to develop new article ideas for new markets outside of my PR work. For instance, I knew a father and son duo that raced, but their primary job was driving truck. I sold the article about truckers spending their down time behind the wheel of a racecar to Road King magazine, a glossy national magazine published by TA truck stops.

When reviewing a current issue of Road King, I noticed a travel article piece about a little festival where they catapult pumpkins. I knew Houghton Lake’s Tip-Up Town would fit right into that column, so I pitched it. They bought it. I put the editor in contact with the local newspapers to get artwork for the article. After two articles, I was placed on the magazine’s regular contributor list. That meant the editor knew who I was, and I received a free copy of the magazine each month.

One important thing to remember about an idea is that it is just an idea. It can be changed, shaped and molded. Be willing to work with an editor to whip that idea into a shape that will fit the magazine perfectly. Don’t get so sold on your idea that you aren’t willing to bend it a little to make the sale. Developing an idea to its fullest potential is one of the great advantages of working with an editor, and a perfect example of why it’s important to query.

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What Editors and Readers Say about Linda’s Writing

“Topics everyone can relate to, handled with a nice light touch.” Judges’ comments from third place Michigan Press Association win, 2003.

“Excellent basic journalism articles specifically geared to writing for local newspapers.” – Marcia Yudkin, http://www.yudkin.com

“Wow. Moving Story.” – Matt Seward, Editor Cadillac News, about article interviewing the mother of a 4-year-old drowning victim.

“Wow!!!! I am so thrilled. I just love your columns — they are just packed with helpful insights, and the use of quotes and short paragraphs makes for an easy, smooth, and engaging read.” – Sharon Thompson, Editor MomsOnline, Oxygen Media

“I truly enjoy Linda Sherwood’s thoughts and writings. It’s life as real as it is! Keep it up.” – Verna Baas

“Perhaps what I am taking the time to express my views about may not be a surprise to you as the Editor of the Cadillac News, but at least I will have said it….The subject is the comprehensive and unbiased news reporting by one of your “Staff Writers,” Linda Sherwood….It’s refreshing to read her reports and to know that both sides of an issue have been presented, even though one side may not like what they read in print. Keep up the good work, Linda.” – Judy Iverson

“Thank you for a wonderful article.” – Audrey Van Alst

“I have read with great interest, your coverage of the ‘cash advance’ in Lake City. I believe you have covered the story extremely well. Not sensationalizing or biased. You present both sides and stay factual. I understand how difficult it can be to cover a story such as this in a small community where everyone knows everyone and no one wants to be seen as a traitor. Or to bite the hand the feeds you.” – Jeff Gardner

“As usual, your writing led me down a tear-filled, wonderful path and then, and then you dropped some idiot into the picture! You stinker!” – Joyce, via e-mail

“This was one of the best articles we’ve seen written about Hospice of Michigan.” -Leslie Bell

“Your news coverage of Merritt events is always exceptional.” – Arlene Jury, principal of Merritt Elementary School

Billed as ‘the home for hometown journalists,’ this site offers information and advice for community newspaper journalists. Fun quizzes and basic journalism advice appeal to writers who contribute to any size publication.” – Writer’s Digest Magazine, May 2001: SmallTownPress.net

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